IAS 32 Financial Instrument Presentation

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IAS 32 financial instruments presentation – Financial instruments issued by a company must be classified as either liabilities or equity. These IAS 32
IAS 32 Financial Instrument Presentation

Overview

IAS 32 financial instruments presentation – Financial instruments issued by a company must be classified as either liabilities or equity. These IAS 32 summary notes are prepared by mindmaplab team and covering the key definitions, equity instrument accounting, the relationship between IAS 32 and ifrs 9 with examples and IFRS 32 journal entries. This is the IAS 32 full text; we have also prepared IAS 32 pdf version download.

IAS Standards

IAS 2 Inventories       

IAS 7 Statements of cash flows

IAS 7 Statement of cash flows  – Revisited

IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates, and errors

IAS 10 Events after the reporting period       

IAS 12 Income taxes 

IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment          

IAS 17 Leases

IAS 19 Employee benefits     

IAS 20 Accounting for government grants and disclosure of government assistance          

IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates     

IAS 23 Borrowing costs        

IAS 24 Related party disclosures

IAS 27 Consolidated and separate financial statements        

IAS 28 Investments in associates and joint ventures 

IAS 32 Financial instruments: presentation  

IAS 33 Earnings per share

IAS 33 Earnings per share – Revisited          

IAS 36 Impairment of assets 

IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets        

IAS 38 Intangible assets

IAS 40 Investment property

IFRS Standards

IFRS 3 Business combinations    

IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations    

IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosures          

IFRS 8 Operating segments         

IFRS 9 Financial instruments      

IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements        

IFRS 11 Joint arrangements         

IFRS 12 Disclosure of interests in other entities 

IFRS 13 Fair value measurement 

IFRS 15 Revenues from contracts with customers          

IFRS 16 Leases

IAS 17 VS IFRS 16 Lease – Differences

Ratio Analysis

Liability or Equity

Financial instruments issued by a company must be classified as either liabilities or equity.

A financial liability is any liability where the issuer has a contractual obligation:

  • To deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity, or
  • To exchange financial instruments with another entity on potentially unfavourable terms.

An equity instrument is defined as any contract that offers the residual interest in the assets of the company after deducting all of the liabilities. The owner of an equity instrument is entitled to receive a dividend.

Returns on financial instruments

Returns on financial instruments are reported differently, depending on whether the instrument is a liability or equity. This classification determines the treatment of the interest, dividends, gains and losses.

  • Interest expense, dividend payments, gains and losses relating to a financial liability are recognised in the statement of profit or loss.
  • Distributions to equity holders are debited to equity and shown in the statement of changes in equity.

Preference shares

Preference shares are shares that are entitled to a payment of their dividend, usually a fixed amount each year. Preference shares include the following types:

  1. Redeemable preference shares are those that the entity has an obligation to buy back (or the right to buy back) at a future date.
  2. Irredeemable (perpetual) preference shares are those that will not be bought back at any time in the future.
  3. Convertible preference shares are those that are convertible at a future date into another financial instrument, usually into ordinary equity shares of the entity.

Classification of preference shares

Preference shares issued by a company might be classified as:

  1. equity; or
  2. a financial liability of the company; or
  3. a compound financial instrument containing elements of both financial liability and equity.

Preference shares accounting treatment

Redeemable preference shares

  • Redemption is mandatory: Since the issuing entity will be required to redeem the shares, there is an obligation. The shares are a financial liability.
  • Redemption at the choice of the holder: Since the issuing entity does not have an unconditional right to avoid delivering cash or another financial asset there is an obligation. The shares are a financial liability.
  • Redemption at the choice of the issuer: The issuing entity has an unconditional right to avoid delivering cash or another financial asset there is no obligation. The shares are equity.

Irredeemable non-cumulative preference

These shares should be treated as equity, because the entity has no obligation to the shareholders that the shareholders have any right to enforce.

Compound instruments

A compound instrument is a financial instrument, issued by a company that cannot be classified as simply a liability or as equity, because it contains elements of both debt and equity. An example of a compound instrument is a convertible bond.

Split accounting for compound instruments

On initial recognition of compound instrument, the credit entry for the financial instrument must be split into the two component parts, equity and liability.

*The question is how to determine the amount of the issue price that is debt and the amount that is equity?

The method to use is to calculate the equity element as the residual after determining the present value of the debt element:

  • Step I – The present value of the interest payments and the redemption value of the convertible is found using a market interest rate for similar debt finance which is not convertible
  • Step II – Compare this present value to the proceeds of the bond issue to find the residual equity element.

Any transaction costs incurred by issuing the instrument should be allocated to each component, the liability and equity, according to the split.

The initial double entry to recognise the compound instrument would be as follows:

Cash (proceeds)                Dr.(xxxx)

Liability                                 Cr.(xx)

Equity                                   Cr. (xx)

  • Subsequently the liability component is measured at amortised cost.
  • There is no guidance on the subsequent accounting treatment of the equity element. One approach would be to retain it as a separate component of equity and then release it to retained earnings when the bond is paid or converted.

Transactions in own equity

A company may reacquire its own shares. Such shares are called treasury shares. The entity might hold and used them for particular purposes such as awarding shares to employees in a share grant scheme. The accounting treatment of treasury shares is that they should be deducted from equity.

Any gain or loss on transactions involving treasury shares is recognised directly in equity, and should not be reported in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

IAS 32 requires that the amount of treasury shares held should be disclosed separately, either:

  • on the face of the statement of financial position as a deduction from share capital, or
  • offset against share capital and disclosed in the notes to the accounts.

Offsetting

The IAS 32 rule is that a financial asset and a financial liability must be offset and shown net in the statement of financial position when and only when an entity:

  1. Currently has a legal right to set off the amounts; and
  2. Intends either to settle the amounts net, or to realise (sell) the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Distributable profit

Dividends are payable only out of the distributable profits of the company (but not profit on the sale of capital assets).

Dividends are paid by individual entities. When a group announces that it is paying a dividend it is actually the parent company that is making the payment.

IFRIC 2: Members shares in cooperative entities and similar instruments

Co-operatives (and similar entities) are formed by groups of persons to meet common economic or social needs. Members’ interests in a co-operative are often described as “members’ shares”. Members’ shares have characteristics of equity.